The 5 Canons of Classical Rhetoric

The five canons of classical rhetoric are perhaps summed up best in this quote from the late Gerald M. Phillips, professor of speech from Pennsylvania State University: The classical Canons of Rhetoric specify the components of the communication act: inventing and arranging ideas, choosing and delivering clusters of words, and maintaining in memory a storehouse of ideas and repertoire of behaviors. . .  This breakdown is not as facile as it looks. The Canons have stood the test of time. They represent a legitimate taxonomy of processes. Instructors [in our own time] can situate their pedagogical strategies in each of the Canons. The words of the Roman philosopher Cicero and the unknown author of Rhetorica ad Herennium break down the canons of rhetoric into five overlapping divisions of the rhetorical process: 1. Invention  (Latin, inventio; Greek, heuresis) Invention is the art of finding the appropriate arguments in any rhetorical situation. In his early treatise De Inventione (c. 84 BCE), Cicero defined invention as the discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments to render ones cause probable. In contemporary rhetoric, invention generally refers to a wide variety of research methods and discovery strategies. But to be effective, as Aristotle demonstrated 2,500 years ago, invention must also take into consideration the needs, interests, and background of the audience. 2. Arrangement  (Latin, dispositio; Greek, taxis) Arrangement refers to the parts of a speech or, more broadly, the structure of a text. In classical rhetoric, students were taught the distinctive parts of an oration. Although scholars didnt always agree on the number of parts, Cicero and the Roman rhetorician Quintilian identified these six: Exordium (or introduction)NarrativePartition (or division)ConfirmationRefutationPeroration (or conclusion) In current-traditional rhetoric, arrangement has often been reduced to the three-part structure (introduction, body, conclusion) embodied by the five-paragraph theme. 3. Style  (Latin, elocutio; Greek, lexis) Style is the way in which something is spoken, written, or performed. Narrowly interpreted, style refers to word choice, sentence structures, and figures of speech. More broadly, style is considered a manifestation of the person speaking or writing. Quintilian identified three levels of style, each suited to one of the three primary functions of rhetoric: Plain style for instructing an audience.Middle style for moving an audience.Grand style for pleasing an audience. 4. Memory  (Latin, memoria; Greek, mneme) This canon includes all the methods and devices (including figures of speech) that can be used to aid and improve the memory. Roman rhetoricians made a distinction between natural memory (an innate ability) and artificial memory (particular techniques that enhanced natural abilities). Though often disregarded by composition specialists today, memory was a crucial aspect of classical systems of rhetoric, as English historian Frances A. Yates points out, Memory is not a section of [Platos] treatise, as one part of the art of rhetoric; memory in the platonic sense is the groundwork of the whole. 5. Delivery  (Latin, pronuntiato and actio; Greek, hypocrisis) Delivery refers to the management of voice and gestures in oral discourse. Delivery, Cicero said in De Oratore, has the sole and supreme power in oratory; without it, a speaker of the highest mental capacity can be held in no esteem; while one of moderate abilities, with this qualification, may surpass even those of the highest talent. In written discourse today, delivery means only one thing: the format and conventions of the final written product as it reaches the hands of the reader, says the late English professor and scholar, Robert J. Connors, from the University of New Hampshire. Keep in mind that the five traditional canons are interrelated activities, not rigid formulas, rules, or categories. Though originally intended as aids to the composition and delivery of formal speeches, the canons are adaptable to many communicative situations, both in speech and in writing.   Sources Connors, Robert J. Actio: A Rehetoric of Written Delivery. Rhetorical Memory and Delivery: Classical Concepts for Contemporary Composition and Communication, edited by John Frederick Renolds, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1993. Phillips, Gerald M. Communication Incompetencies: A Theory of Training Oral Performance Behavior. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991. ï » ¿Yates, Frances A. The Art of Memory. University of Chicago Press, 1966.

Second Industrial Revolution - 1000 Words

Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 Darris Adkins Abstract In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected the United States and two developments that negatively affected the United States will be discussed. An analysis of whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to the lives of Americans and the history of the United States will be outlined. Second US Industrial Revolution, 1870 -1910 In this brief paper, a description of two developments of industrialization that positively affected American lives and a description of two developments of industrialization that negatively affected American lives will be discussed. Further, an analysis†¦show more content†¦I believe that industrialization was generally beneficial to the lives of the American people and the history of the United States. Several of the advantages are outlined in the above paragraph. Overall, Americans enjoyed a higher standard of living and a longer life span, thanks to the Industrial Revolution. â€Å"†¦before the eighteenth century there was no mechanism by which long-term sustainable growth could take place. By the mid-nineteenth century such growth was an established fact of life: for the first time rapid population increase was accompanied by sustained growth in income per person.† (More, C. 2000). In this brief paper, we have discussed two elements of industrialization that positively affected American lives and two elements of industrialization that negatively affected American lives. One of these negative elements was the employment of children in the industrial arena. The second negative aspect was that the roots of our environmentally challenged society stemmed from the Industrial Revolution. From a positive stance, American grew and prospered economically, and became a superpower on the world stage. Laws governing child labor were enacted and in general the population became healthier and enjoyed a longer life span. We have also looked at whether or not industrialization was generally beneficial or detrimental to the lives ofShow MoreRelatedIndustrialization Of The Second Industrial Revolution1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Second Industrial Revolution, which reached its peak during 1870 to 1914, marked a significant turning point in American history. Before this era of progression and industrial excellence, America was on the verge of expansion like never before. 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New inventions came about to ease the production of goodsRead MoreEssay on Women in the Second Industrial Revolution1055 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution had a major impact on womens lives. After being controlled fro so long women were experiencing what it was like to live an independent life. In the late nineteenth century women were participating in a variety of experiences, such as social disabilities confronted by all women, new employment patterns, and working class poverty and prostitution. These experiences will show how women were perceived in the Second IndustrialRead More Andrew Carnegie and the the Second Industrial Revolution Essay581 Words   |  3 PagesAndrew Carnegie and the the Second Industrial Revolution Andrew Carnegie, the â€Å"King of Steel†, the benevolent employer, the giant of industry, was among the greatest influences of the second industrial revolution. It is sometimes questioned whether Carnegie was the ruthless, sneaky steel tyrant some made him out to be, or the generous, benevolent education benefactor he appeared to be. I believe him to be a combination of both, but more so the great giant of industry. Carnegie was the classicRead MoreWomen And Their Roles During The Second Industrial Revolution3502 Words   |  15 PagesWomen and Their Roles in the Second Industrial Revolution When discussing history, it is often assumed that the history of men is also the history of women. Historians often forget that women constantly experience historical processes differently because of the roles that they play and their biological differences. The second Industrial Revolution affected women uniquely, and their involvement and contributions were distinctive as well. The second Industrial Revolution lead to many advantages andRead MoreThe Second Industrial Revolution605 Words   |  2 PagesMODULE 4 ASSIGNMENTS 1. The 2nd Industrial Revolution Charts: The Electrical Industry Positive effects Negative effects Makes transport a lot easier It is experience to own Heating Factories makes fumes Computers wound not work without it Living is so easy it makes us easy-going, overweight and sluggish Chemicals and Plastics Positive effects Negative effects Plastic is very useful in the building and construction, electronics, packaging, transportation industries. It is a compound that is indestructibleRead MoreSecond Industrial Revolution Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages An Industrial Revolution is the â€Å"change in social and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of the hand tools with machines and from the development of large-scale industrial production† (Danzer R50). The Second Industrial Revolution happened nearly one hundred years later after the First Industrial Revolution in England during the 1760s (Fagnilli 7). The Second Industrial Revolution was the cause of new inventions, government support for business, common natural resourcesRead MoreThe First And Second Industrial Revolutions2597 Words   |  11 PagesThe first and second industrial revolutions reconstructed the global economy. Manufacturing shifted from the simple artisan shop to the massive factory. The idea and practice of the l ocal small business slowly faded, as the concept of corporation grew. These corporations had a simple goal: make profit, cut competition, repeat. Manufacturers and other large corporations did anything to achieve this goal, and strived to do it as cheaply as possible. In order to lower costs, they often cut workers’Read MoreThe Sholes And Glidden Typewriter And The Second Industrial Revolution1294 Words   |  6 PagesGilded Age, or commonly known as the Second Industrial Revolution, lived up to its extravagant name that Mark Twain had given to the era. Inventions such as the telephone escalated communication among people despite the distance, and the creation of the automobile helped everyone to move from one place to another in a much shorter time. Besides these well-known and influential inventions, the Sholes and Glidden typewriter also contributed to the economic, industrial, and societal growth of the AmericanRead MoreTesla s Invention Of The Second Industrial Revolution1677 Words   |  7 Pageslife having ideas stolen away from him by other inventors, but he ignored this and continued to work on his own. He w as such an important contributor to American inventions that many people today call his inventions the majority of the Second Industrial Revolution. His inventions were used not only around the time when he invented them, but are still majorly used today. The way electricity is generated was changed by several of Tesla’s inventions and the different ways wireless currents are used

Mid day meal free essay sample

STATE The mid-day meal school scheme was first developed in 1995 and meant to be universalised to all elementary schools by an order of the Supreme Court in 2002. In 2006, it was also extended to the upper primary level. The dual purpose of this flagship programme has been to ensure that all children are retained in school and that the problem of malnutrition is also tackled through this supplementary nutrition. Under this scheme the schools are mandated to provide hot cooked and nutritious food and every school should have a kitchen shed and devices for this purpose. Today this predominantly central government scheme is meant to cater to an estimated 106.8 million children daily in 1.21 million schools across the country. At present 75 percent of the scheme is funded by the central government whereas 25 percent of the funds are provided by the state government. As of April 2012, the revised cooking cost provided per child per meal is Rs 3. 11 per child (Rs 2.33 is contributed by central and Rs 0.78 by state government) at the primary level and Rs 4.65 (Rs 3.49 is contributed by central and Rs 1.19 by state government) at the upper primary level. This is clearly insufficient to provide nutritional food to children of any age, as the specified nutritional food is supposed to consist of cereals, vegetables, pulses, oil and fat and other spices. Of these, only the cereals are supplied at nominal rates by the Food Corporation of India. The rest are to be purchased from the market by the staff of the school. In addition to this, every school is meant to be allocated Rs 5000 per school; provisions are made for funding the construction of separate kitchen sheds and purchasing kitchen devices and utensils. This fund is being either underutilised or diverted to corporate non-government organisations which have entered into contracts to provide these meals through centralised kitchens. 22-09-2013 19:15 Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Nutrition and Corporate Capital – Archana Pr 2 of 3 http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/mid-day-meal-scheme-nutrition-and-corpo Several surveys have found that in most states except Tamilnadu, more than two thirds of the schools do not have kitchens, toilets or drinking water facilities. This was found with respect to 61 percent of the MCD schools in Delhi where three organisations Ekta Shakti Foundation, Iskcon Food Relief Foundation and Jay Gee Humanitarian Society are in charge of providing mid-day meals. It must be pointed out that Ekta Shakti Foundation is a society setup by AFP Private Limited (a fast-food company),Jay Gee is the arm of Jay Gee Hospitality, a firm which specialises in catering in all types of foods and Iskon has tied up with the real estate giant EMMAR to build centralised kitchens. Similarly with regard to Uttar Pradesh, the auditor’s report concluded in 2008, that more than one third of the schools did not have kitchen sheds and 169 out of the 253 sheds randomly visited by the CAG were non-functional. It is surprising that instead of investing in improving the infrastructure fo r providing hot nutritious food, the UP government preferred to give out contracts to Akshaya Patra and Great Value Foods (owned by Ponty Chaddha). In Bihar about 80,000 schools have no sheds or toilet facilities. In this sense, the argument for centralised kitchens has become a conduit for neglecting the infrastructural maintenance and expansion of the school itself and for disinvesting in rather than strengthening a skeletal school nutrition programme. It has also become a way of subsidising the work of corporate set-up and funded NGOs and expanding the market base of some of the food processing and real estate corporate giants. CORPORATE PENETRATION In this context, it is important to note that the promotion of centralised kitchens and contracts to big private players has become the cornerstone of the implementation of supplementary nutrition and mid-day meal schemes. In official parlance, it has taken the form of public-private partnerships. One  of the main feature of this corporatisation is that all big corporate NGOs have industrial partners who provide them part funding and meet their infrastructural costs as a part of their corporate social responsibility. A good example of this is Vedanta in Odisha that has tied up with the Naandi Foundation (whose chairman is Ananda Mahindra) to provide mid-day meals to children in Lanjigarh, an area where they are plundering mineral resources and are locked in a conflict with local tribal organisations. While the government of Odisha pays the cost of the noon meal, Vedanta sets up the high tech centralised kitchens. But this partnership is not limited to Odisha and extends to other mineral rich states where Vedanta has stakes namely Rajasthan and Korba district of Chhattisgarh. Hence social welfare is becoming a method of not only getting financial benefits but also gaining legitimacy for the penury that is caused by the main activities of such companies. Another interesting and telling example is that the influx of big private capital into nutritional schemes has also created monopolistic trends in the production of take home rations and mid-day meals. As the Seventh Report of the Supreme Court appointed Commissioners (November 2012) showed, four companies were supplying take home rations to more than four states. The Akshay Patra and Iskcon Food Relief Fund run the world’s largest network of centralised kitchen’s in more than 10 states of the country. The Naandi and Ekta Shakti Foundation operate and control largescale supplies of cooked mid-day meals in at least four states and propose to be expanding to others. In this way, the NGOs are attempting to assist food processing and micronutrient companies to secure the potential food market. Its adverse impact on worker’s rights, employment security of scheme workers and school infrastructure has begun to show in different states. MID-DAY MEAL WORKERS The neglect and devaluation of the work of the mid-day meal scheme worker has got accentuated through the public-private partnership model analysed above. The scheme provides Rs 1000 monthly honorarium for a cook cum helper in every school. The cook cum helper is not only meant to ensure that hot hygienic and balanced diet is prepared for children. The government argues  that this work is a supplementary work and does not require more than 2-3 hours a day. In this sense providing nutritious and good food and maintaining hygienic conditions in the school kitchen is not considered either a skilled or a full time job by the government. Therefore the cooks and helpers are not recognised as ‘workers’ and have no rights. Rather their jobs are largely dependent on the largesse of the school principal who employs them. 22-09-2013 19:15 Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Nutrition and Corporate Capital – Archana Pr 3 of 3 http://indiacurrentaffairs.org/mid-day-meal-scheme-nutrition-and-corpo At present there are about 27 lakh mid-day meal scheme workers who work in these programmes, largely women who belong to the socially deprived groups and backward classes. These women work 5 to 6 hours a day and are also made to perform menial tasks that are not part of their job. As A R Sindhu, the convenor of the All India Coordination Committee of Mid-day Meal Workers explains, most women do not get their whole wages and are paid Rs 100-600 per month. Even this payment is intermittent and in almost all states, the workers have not got their salaries for 7-8 months at a time. Only in Tamilnadu was the payment regular. Given this status of payment and work, an evaluation report of the Planning Commission found that since the wages paid to the mid-day meal scheme workers are so low as 40-50 paise per child, there is a shortage of cooks in schools. The average number of cooks per school in the country is 0.40. But instead of increasing, this ratio is likely to decrease as more and more centralised kitchens come into operation. Experience has shown that the involvement of local communities and families is essential in order to ensure proper implementation and positive impact on the health of the children. Realising this, the Supreme Court directed state governments to implement all nutritional programmes through local self help groups and women’s groups in 2004. But this has  hardly been implemented by any state and rather, has been flouted by most states as shown in the Supreme Court appointed Commissioners Seventh Report of November 2012. That the Court was intuitively correct in its direction has been shown by the experience of states like Kerala where the panchayat implements the programme and the parent teacher bodies monitor the quality of the food. The coverage of the programme is close to 95 percent. In many schools it has been demonstrated how localised kitchens run by women’s groups are effective in running schemes like the mid-day meal programme and the ICDS programme. In each of these cases, the success of the scheme has depended on the training and empowerment of the worker who are mostly women. These models give the way forward and show that decentralised models can only succeed if there is a political will and system to delegate power and responsibility to school level parent monitored committees, neighbourhood level committees and local self governments. This should be accompanied by social audits and regular monitoring involving women’s groups, trade unions and other democratic groups. These examples demonstrate that ignoring the mid-day meal worker will only lead to the further corporatisation and decimation of the school nutrition programme. Hence the struggle for the scheme workers rights is linked with and central to the need to press for publicly supported decentralised alternatives in implementation of nutrition schemes. These two facets of struggle need to be intensified and combined in order to fight corporatisation of publicly funded nutrition programmes.

Lord Of The Flies Jack And Roger free essay sample

Lord Of The Fliess: Jack And Roger Essay, Research Paper Lord of The Fliess: Jack and Roger Jack and Roger are two allegorical characters in the narrative: # 8220 ; Lord of the Flies # 8221 ; by William Golding. They are both characterized as slayers but they are really different from one another. The two immature male childs start off with the same purposes but as the narrative progresses we begin to see the differences in their personalities. While Jack # 8217 ; s power hungriness grows, Roger # 8217 ; s sadistic nature besides grows every bit good. The character of Jack is an obvious Idaho, he is a power hungry ruthless slayer that would make anything for power. Jack is non ever a slayer, the events on the island lead up to his behaviour. For illustration, when Ralph, Simon and Jack are in the wood and they see the hog for the first clip Jack does non kill it no uncertainty from the tabu of killing. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Of The Flies Jack And Roger or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The 2nd clip he meets the hog he putting to deaths it with his knife and this is merely the beginning of the alteration in his behaviour. Jack # 8217 ; s wanting of meat bends into obvious bloodlust subsequently on in the novel, for illustration he kills the female parent hog without even believing if it was incorrect: # 8220 ; Kill the hog, cut her pharynx, bash her caput in! # 8221 ; . Jack # 8217 ; s beheading of the dead female parent hog proves that he is no longer the Jack that could non kill the hog but a much more blood-thirsty 1 that merely wants to kill and non be rescued. Although Jack is non demonic like Roger, he loses all sense of ground, he is however a slayer. Jack tries his best to make what is best for the male childs but his power hungriness really makes the state of affairs much worse: # 8220 ; The head snatched one of the few staying lances and poked Sam in the ribs # 8221 ; ( P.182 ) Jack # 8217 ; s ain name has even become a tabu, he has almos t god-like power and utilizations it for # 8216 ; evil # 8217 ; . If it were non for the deliverance of the male childs, Jack # 8217 ; s power-hunger and bloodlust would hold finally gotten them all killed. The character of Roger is besides an Idaho but he is a demonic slayer. Unlike Jack Roger # 8217 ; s bloodlust can neer be satisfied. He is a barbarous slayer and a perfect illustration of this is when he kills Piggy with the elephantine stone. Roger besides has a head of his ain, he is a free spirit that does non follow orders. For illustration, Jack neer ordered him to drop the stone on Piggy, it was strictly Roger that did it on his ain free will. He is a ill and distorted person, another illustration of this is the manner he viciously kills the female parent hog. He would besides demo no vacillation to take a human life, non merely does he kill Piggy but he besides sharpens a stick at both terminals for Ralph so he was evidently traveling to make to him what he did to the female parent hog. Roger is merely a worse version of Jack and like Jack excessively control of Ralph # 8217 ; s power he would hold taken control of Jack # 8217 ; s power with an even more sadistic civilization so the 1 that Jack has created. Jack and Roger are both slayers, one more ruthless and power-hungry so the other. Ralph lost his power to a individual more sadistic, what is to state that Jack will non lose his power to Roger? and who would hold been following after Roger? finally the civilization would go so sadistic and ruthless that decease would be a regular event. Jack and Roger are both sadistic slayers and one might reason that it does non count if you are a slayer or a pitiless slayer because either manner you are still a slayer but one can besides reason: # 8220 ; Do you candidly think that the male childs would be the same is it were Roger and non Jack that became head?